The process of formal and functional evolution of illumination in three Qurans attributed to Ibn Bawab, Yaqut Mustasami and Yaqut styls

With the beginning of Islam, the Qur'an penetrated among Muslims, and following the popularity of writing the Qur'an, illumination was placed next to calligraphy in Persian's art schools, Qur'anic illumination is mostly seen in the, preopening pages, opening pages, the head of the surah, verses emblem, five verse and ten verse emblems. Qur'anic illuminations have changed in appearance and form in different periods. This research deals with the changes in the appearance and form of Qur'anic illumination in three Qur'ans attributed to Ibn Bawab and Yaqut Mustasimi's Qur'an and the Yaqut's style. And this question should be answered, what is the process of transformation of the form of illumination and signs in these three Qurans? In this research, the descriptive-comparative research method has been used. The results show that the Quranic illumination in the preopening pages, opening pages and emblems in the Seljuk, Ilkhani and Timurid Qur'ans have always been changing and evolving. In Ibn Bawab's Qur'an, the opening pages are shown inside the table, all the head of the surahs have the emblems of the surah with a scrolls Arabesque and many variations. While in the Yaqut's Qur'an, the preopening pages are illumination with regular geometric patterns, and in the opening pages, Khtayee motif are used. Gold, black and azure colors can be seen in the coloring of the illumination in the opening pages. Yaqut's style in the Timurid Qur'an, are illumination with geometric motifs in the preopening and opening pages, and azure color are used. The evolutionary process of Qur'anic illumination in these three periods appears mostly in color, form, and pattern, and gradually, cold colors, consistent and symmetrical forms, and the role of delicate and precise materials appear in the illumination.